Which of the following is the smalle:eqrfj+q6y;j2j zo p3st unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to ,jkqlf0ta , ;ylw8yd h a:;/wbraise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred ,4tj a) 1:a8x nlp+utp ldrl6hto a8ndtu1,pap+ 4 )rl6l lxa:t jhs

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temdf3. trszq*2ez57 ulxperature T and the in5 qzs3*t72.rd zlufxe ternal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ide5zm qb6y/su*: vcm tvn sc7.0pc:gty5al gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressedyr,o1:h e :n7s*gdrmo zm5ch: until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressum, :donr:c7srhog y zm*51 eh:re is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy Uu+coifzz/- + 0 pnbid1lnq*/x at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures6 5*t tq b(qsqf-whv8a do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity tha h+hi2rt9:fkg n iron. Now, consider equal masses of water 2+kthi:9 gr fhand iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum andf.o6 wu) e b:.m:ukwskqnk*b9 a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are i:n 6w ow9.su.kb k*)mebukfq:n thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from thit 4c-z5.y sfo 1n/bhue solid to the liquid state is referrez-yo tnhui.f b /c541sd to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquj c4hs-n.fk b:id to the vapor state is referred to n:b.sc4k-h fjas the

  If heat is added to a pu3tk5i34c,jg 2*,ls0ywaz k otbk *r nxre substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze rz5rq 5wql3uzup8tk,5iy,f ;s

  When a liquid evaporates *2jfdjnh8*n 7au4age

  When a vapor condenses mr *.)gyj+fqzvf,)vcl wvl1+

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get ()42 tkj1bme 4dwl al18; izugvyp)/t-ych xm bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperatur kmlz8d x v-lmpy/;a4ce1ttu))hi b4y2 gjw(1e of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water cnr/k:nj 7:;d stfl;c .)tn sjqauses

  Equal masses of water atkm/e ly+k50ju $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat/9seh1*cwn h+lyt c5r flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to ahc5w/ e1ts hcyn 9+*lrs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bwgem f07ly k12ar become hot when the other end is 2ef 0kygl17mw placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the o d;uaszh47- btouch than a piece of w ohbzu-sad47;ood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous materia ;,dye uklo- ig0 0-h2e/kn8q kqkk(cjl, the rate of heat loss for a given tempe-y/qqk u( khn2go0 kkkd0jlie ;8e-,c rature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed o s-a cp5;ixz(kn a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thikx;-si z 5(pcackness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one pla+gaf.w k/,vg3p l g/de6tzx;cce to another ic.;,a d3/e zxgv+6tgkpg/wl fs referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of ryi/im i 0l 9ko9lte, ij ch63crz0h91water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurj*wtk 6qto f:zm5fee) e- o+,j

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is impif t*ncmm0pvgxw l 5;m7k90 3/i-dwh-. low rgortant to humans in maintai5dk- nivm/3ogw m xw.l 70wrtfl-g9 ip* mch;0ning suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting u szk9+hw79)8xqaoww in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the ca9z)sh+ 98 kw xwoawu7qbin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular hocs-kapyz dys1oy 7a)a*1f 4 c-uses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a fk zp)7ac cd1ss*oyy4 y--a1 acold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute tempevtsm;h2qr . c/epk w n0lorx(5l)0 p3vrature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power ch3kpm rs;c h.wlprqtex5o(n/0v lv )20ange?

  The process whereby heat flows in theubdk ak, *0eh0 absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the ,gx uti9jx+7q rcq; c1n.71 je7jrmz lEarth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to hofejz8 ma(up i-i w r7*9wdkr9.w much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how mucagc 8r6u sp5i d.qejmfok*: 0/h work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temp4s+ 9ol6jss5qoa av tc.xca63c q7;dwerature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is addedy0sidy9rm 8elyg7r7/6 2 ungepan-0i to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature ch- 2ysiin7ugnyl8er a0d9r7 0 6gp/ eymange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally a*7j(cd76pta lmug-r.73 qicgl yz- z o6z0 qoqt $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of manbslq9om t39/ terial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath wat,ub9n4q g4 mszg+hko8er by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and yswau71zul1r x09 e .k0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increasel syu9rx w7u.z01a1eks by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatenb7,r4 g obl3hd to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, inz6z- 2: .wur)jx trrjg9 -fdgsitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material za4da (b54wdtat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its -s,uagtdl* m)surrt)uds-ga m* l,oundings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships be 00s -izw3uneetween various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had f00u-n ezi3s weallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drod 5shtt 6e(vv3ps a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational (eh5v6 ds3tvtenergy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric wateqnm ve,xy;(rbzy .. p1r heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it tayqy.v(x,pnme;r .z b1ke to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 2n9 5m7k p;b skms-(rmp0 kg of water m- s kb9nmpkr(7pm;5sfrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masfxjgbe0/l c)z2,r 6xcvv rh/b*jr, 6ss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel kn8fu7ve :za3o 9)q yfwx.y9hfi ife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam tov 02sa2k q7azqqsw 2u0 change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How mh7dike76kz w(up 1hv59 +zrbcuch heat is required to melt 200 g(v7hpk+9d71zbkwzc6 eir5hu of ice?

  How much heat energy is 3mu,f+ cniq7qneeded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 109* yl*f8 ivp::suqcuc :i/er x0 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice c(l; q,(x/m gkjp/o fqis 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water inis3fe- txkogkqn v:- 7-tially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at kcfm2e3:tcu3rn7 r /0dsqds 0 amw a;)$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is 4yl9-lyml8 tvs hw74hneeded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required t8m v+e k4ei,3-pnpansu8r7 jko change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requiredpeo*2-uzn g f1jy vp13 to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at:;rwfd/k ) xmruw mt g9z763pr $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the hj-k l avjkn60/z0hdz5 d2a 9kxeat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its mell 6an2kdzkzadj50 kj 0h-xv /9ting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concn 2ln/-+p y)bp0 r+ va4gidaa--l uclbrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two dkn a lo4td21l9hs-n 0rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined a9s4kt h0lnd2 -lnod1together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tr/wx 6d +nuet7empera+7 td 6wneurx/ture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. Ifnq 1.bsx94mgf the outside temperat.g1nxs9fb4 mqure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of cobqb -led. .ap.ncrete ..adpqb .lb-e ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 )s i(13zjbt 1rtv7ava vid ,f:cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat waa;k: xf. h9nro85 svis lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for r0tylesmmtcwn o)oo;+ 6a 1uxw )(*n2xefining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a s;cwmy2t)) 0extauomxn +n(1 ol 6sw*omall hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy zff 850zb.o3ld)gf8rvir q m7 when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection area of d ( ed) v3(.g5o tb(nujeno6gy$15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.