Which of the following is the smallel:r-+tmk (rkl d45e olst unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gramky4v* lzp)ii2avn4*s ;b64s/vd8 2 melwzfky of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of io mz hld*5,4p/5i h mzdaa,+nvndividual molecules is referred tozmhm d hn,/, 5lz5da+ovpi*a 4 as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming zq d8o9j+n1pu64cowzb2 4gv c;4eai wpool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimmioq1aeb24jd 9zu ;4cp+ c o wvg64i8znwng pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends hgrbfym,;6 -yon

  An ideal gas at STP is fip/n3qjmza )gjz.74)oez 9ph arst compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pres n. aa z/hz )7qmoz34j)pjg9pesure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U ah1 7f 2ih-asrdt $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not x/h3p n-5ab cj1*ey1w- wz0sonf pl c1vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than4(;cm;4 lcmmggcweqn,w 80 ;y3 l3bys4ebw ic iron. Now, consider44mcle4n,w3g;g 8cb 3c(bl ; esyiw qw0ym;mc equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a confk k;1a*lk ff2 6h(snld piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss o ;kk l2fnf1sfn hk(a*6f heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid statefp+i4m,vh7qx/ koo szn1w -c5 is referro7wp1 h,v-fmzx+5iso /q ck4ned to as the

  The heat required to change a substan05 9jeku eid0uce from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as t00je ked 59uuihe

  If heat is added to )jb zrx :edrg4x(bx-al7osb;.*hs 8 ea pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze6xdyg )i. 3pzos

  When a liquid evaporatesvpjyt;0hdt2(u o),y elr9e h;

  When a vapor condense5ctq.u g :+xb;gylys5s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condensed u yag+g3(n(+j:wvnx s into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds (gu 3+gnxjw+d(a vn:y to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilingb00gsefz 13nh1f o sn, water causes

  Equal masses of wate9 -;z4f ynek8lgn*i+ q wvrxy:r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of moleigxn/0chk1ylke v 4 x1r5-,4njk gy9qcular collisions is referred to avl k50i y9n yx4 nk-cq,hegjk/xr14 1gs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar becij+8ea0a wche1n-e1a 8d7 acc ome hot when the other end is placed in a fl 0ach1817+nd ca ajc8w -eieaeame?

  On a cold day, a piecewz00x20prysi b0 yxq 5 of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the follwxs00 0b y2 rpzyq5i0xowing physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homki7drt n+oq*0gy8 -j yqdcv0,ogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness +0j*7yr g8y, ddc q-t qivk0onwill

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductilp;:y2cvlp 9ci; tzec(0( tcv vity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thick2ycp;c9pll( t v(0 i:vcz;tec ness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass mo fhbirz-8+9;hlahc 2lim rk*, vement of molecules from one place to an 8r mb*hrhlai-,2fch;+ 9ilkzother is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water h ddkt 8q8,po;dgo6z wnotw-595o nk6peated on a stove?

  Convection can occurk2scrpvwl . o5i/l1b hn/(-ob/galw-

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to hum gob4,*j/vfis0b j9 yeans in maintaining suitable body 4fy0b,g *io 9svj/bej temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where iogwoljfu k,-kxhjb 5k4v) jn,1/6 s4 the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused)g 5w , oi,jkx4ju n-s1lv6k/jhof bk4 by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same material8z r7igb*vsq6 wchg 9;s. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would*;v g 8c6 qbrhigsw9z7 be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does t3 rr3;*v+5 mdm ln. yrro4dss3)k lsyphe radiating power chanyr .4s+ryd;mr*3 )srk3 ps ovmldn5l 3ge?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absv2(q w3 u5jlbcence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfl:/(z ue6k choer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is eqo:,j- cz6 gd (nxmx/fcuivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to (2;mz ozwmgwu+7w2.xuuz od zb k*ithm+32t0 how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 ,gwgv au)x(i0g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is addeuzyj.gyqn /;yd6g0rmceis0m 2t) e.4 d to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature change?ey ry gs m).gndm2;/i jqte46c0 y0.zu

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally at pknhx7q/7yh -fx44 hm$10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises l/.(c .xgd/osbhnu5 sthe temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat rz zsfix2-v967 tbbo- up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of u6y+yqsl 2ck,iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperatuuq ,yksyc26 l+re increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of mns /y+ j:ho-ojxsy dc3+ xgo;*8mat6fetal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper,mvpy7fh)zm. ao3k 2 sfd+3 4ul initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ae/ (t2ii9wsvu;g x)wm6r* ksot $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally(z yp+q9n:h ir isolated from its surroundings. One object has an i+hz: (rypin9q nitial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationshi0kre5i tevj 5/ps between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down55rije/0 ekvt a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niaot)2iixrx 7c,dm* 9jcgara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does txd ix27mtc j9,*cor)ihe water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat lo(0 tev)ar f+f7+yle svvo9)ai ss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank fr(a7 v+ 9))s0rfyf+aveiov tleom $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long wibm3ohjgy ,+9jll it take to heat 20 kg of water frb3 gj ,oh+mj9yom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10p*s y4a py8vwao1e6 u800 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific huybf )7 m4(gh*ptds,eeat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam .yj842lic he9ej g. szepl(1mto change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kwv vobk6uzwp;eafr ; w/5-l+0 g. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of icevfo w5z/ar;6 -w puv;e+kb0 lw?

  How much heat energy is needed 2i3 v0fy-y fyxto change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g of ,u,rca0hg4 d y$85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ic1lkkd;g2*w4 wg w 8txle is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water,ndx 58 :twdfee, xf 4if7vu;h initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at +c2nq1)hdlmfsw - t2m$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to chang brwrxb, 9u,i hl/y+3ge 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one fj53w,vs)jk5n gr . izgram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required y. vglyz-p6;x ;z eh3 uxcuj2k 7xyi)4to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice te)gl ma/i6 r+n)bde; lca by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization isqn-raav595f n 52 tqds 207 kcal/kgq5 davr9an 2tf5q-5ns, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of/ w:tzp2y+arl concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twicnvr d2 *6fsq)- zhdhob9f3a1gr c0l;be that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in exb dsd-zaf23fqhr b*)v9lr c6hgn 1o; 0cellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0lxraf0el5w1ax11 ( nb tu:* qp m by 1.5 m. If the outside temp :(flwe u* 151xnpb0l qt1axarerature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimenz* w:-oymfya(sions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempermz:y( of a*yw-ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section o;cvi: h5 mi)jxfn, qju, as8.al95sre f concrete scu)8 h;mn9q s. j,aj:i raf5i,5xlev($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through c iuqz;ys e0+,a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 48l:vri:i 8omdr io.u .000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used foko- -yn xsy-.x . xs.vkk5run b/g:)eqr refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of arv kx y) so.nb/kuxyr .qe-sn k-:xg.5-ea $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body rss1y8hm.0rxq 3wt+uladiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature existus t/sjep9*u3s inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.