Which of the followi2do 4vs6sd,b,ieo rl+ng is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise thqjues).) yi8m7 /en7 yihw l/ sc1pdg1e temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetivu.yh*8 ,zgfr c energy of individual molecules is referred to asu ,.hzr8*y fgv

  A cup of water is scoope xkhwt-xv/arf*dwv)9/k 1 r3wy ub)b)d up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and 9b)1ywv-w rbw)/r3 *xxa/k vt )dkhufthe internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of 3zj)l6f :hm2j 8pk4s ioabva4an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed untkb5rt ih9n gn8aw0s1/il its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the 19 n/s50inbw atg kh8rinitial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal enernp7m v6n07 (ddyvd-a sgy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastidgwhi .d vmu8 sj32;:rcally is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has ao5x* gyu dkn0e f4j0.dtc n-k3ky;/x a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water kd *kn a 43enk5c- ;ytyf0/o.0xg dujxand iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and 3rnd7v. :ffkt a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminukndtf3rv.:f7 m is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the li udird8t;)o7d quid state is referre8 udoti;r)d7d d to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liqui/ ,s xv5 czm9uxj)t s(ft9w6ytd to the vapor state is referred towcuyxzsj tt6f x/m() 95,v9s t as the

  If heat is added to a pure substa)grvs:1 6ttfv8q( hjjrt 2 8qlnce at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeh oom-/5ax*ori b 9;/b sivzs.s

  When a liquid evaporatesxhjf (i)-x -eq

  When a vapor condenseb) y8-mhf m2rz+,qreqj4 er9cs

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water e 7a4w3c7:imjlkb 6 +pet re2gdroplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. Thi3a gkw6ei+2c b:lrp ee47m7 jts will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiop -c (xzzq8c6ling water causes

  Equal masses of wate,/ th3/,ccgapkesucak.tlh n, v07w ,r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat vq0w22 *x7w4dbu b vrnjxu.i)flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to asw*b2 ) 0u4xjvunr .qdbxiv72w

  By what primary heat transfek;iqmo0 - vjh7r mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flam-vm0kqj hoi 7;e?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much coynh5gliq -*u/ej g0l:drf *i4lder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the fol fi*lr *gy/qlng:ed0iu45 -jh lowing physical property?

  If you double the thicknedxlus6:pa)/p je0 o p )zjjb7:ss of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat lo 7px6jajeu/psl)0 :)pbdz j: oss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal con 6frgxv)5hy39wst; hvductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the comphs3f5yvgr 6xt;w 9v)hosite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from+mhv166cvr uk one place to ano1h+mcvu k 6rv6ther is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer me4mrii ez9cq9 *chanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurd ku0gdkzl 3m; z ofods;2c:wzgz5-5/

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important tox,*yo :;o+q(ewl olg lh u:zn+ humans in maintaining suitable body tempelwqe+(z:nx;:you *o,lg h+o lrature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravityc z6n +ey1/iac.lu9 eo is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is truei1c ee+ny.ozl/ 9ac6u about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the saqssr9t 1 tp8c(me materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the stc (ps9qrs81tame inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor dcz9vqheyqnf0o: bo5j 93xk73 oes the radiating power chxj:n vfq z09 5oy79bqhok3ce3ange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred tr9zr6 u +bpk/fo as

  By what primary heat transfer 8hh cf 6q8aa8smechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to *y be58bx 4pwrhow much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equhb5ngd(3h) j civalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g 8e8d6u ,ty npmnk4s.tn+yl+fof lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is g r2wooz1m ;y8 ;-hkxr0dwdz1added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature chanyk;wwr2rzogzm 1xo08d- ;h 1 dge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blpcz+ kaw;x5v 1ock is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperatu2yydiie b )r09g+bi8bre of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up heo3zhgre mm(c c/ pm:43r bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 k4ujr+n 4 ogal8g of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases j4 lung8 ar4+oby $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heaja 1 zrls- l1 lvt+y2rx82ktz;ted to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at w*q)w2c kltt;o(/ .o*exljlc $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at)t-yxudg2)s4 l sa c/u $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermallxsw3 -e(:wdt h1h4mr yy isolated from its surr -h 1tw4:xh m(yde3rswoundings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to0mbh t:sg/krx )d4g3 u explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a verticam0 :gx dr4/) ksb3htugl drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a disl, nm:,0b svsyoqepi gq/2j2z 3:ort /tance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise0eq o,/ipo, vgsb:3l/jy r:mtn2z 2 sq?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assumuz9zi:+t/e oding no heat loss, how long would it take:dt+/zzoe iu 9 to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it takec j y4scvo5r:ui:xi( 82:tmdue**fug to heat 20 kg of watejug *u* yxso54rfv2i:i(8 ec u tmcd::r from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (5e9k7 kpqqp k) 4rr kv+9mg.kgmass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knidr-9ze4 qw l* :.pnbl/ 0 2fgockmgfri/ xz1-mfe blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from4qnbhtqbi mf30k ,e(4 steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/a( lmu1kf7rqx+ 8t: sndb8/ ktkg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of i+l8fn1mq7 tb:xu 8 kdar/(sktce?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ic)1t:k-nq qn koe at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed 1wcodi, a8ckdxuz5 c y b zk2m8axle)a982(*qfrom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/k6tozx:aobsw. m *f/y +g. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water init7ldeeyv vf6*n .w*9vo ially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atx;)v,z zkq7 ruw r7*zm $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of 4 ;cxym wwicsk97;j,n 25h kb9gf4 tywfb d89ywater at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change onem .z3n - vnan8fj+jg71yae2wqf.8 ktx c9dgs. gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to cha) s sb4wqt*b4o2thfx ,nge 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding icei61cb zjw5w*sj ft-/rum ghw38t-)gv to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is ibv)th(c.p ,w s;34 ph2xtzb t5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kgp. b; pt,w vzhb4c)hs( ti23xt, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductiviyl:bfwe nr6i /w ,v(rpl5t:m:ty of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (-3u8p yxvro9+3v0u 4n zd bnwione aluminum and oiyv8 -349vpxnwrb3+n uud z 0the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick h2rqh4y:vid 2 gv) ws:las dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturwv rdqv sg2 :24):ylhie is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thi-ii4 n7t( mrjdck has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temp-t(id7njmr 4 ierature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will fl+4q: af,7kd ajhnjbd o(ev.5mow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (m aj4bno(57q fj.vk, ad+e h:d$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat jrtdtl,a 9-.t through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost thrj hf8a bs3 u8a4bg2ff5mb.h 8pt/7j lpough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining ndnckoe(gv 9f6 dhc.4uz7bl( 1y zb02steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitt6b.e40ldncg1d( f7nz yhc bo9u k2 v(zed through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is (*ycs5. ps;,bs e :hpxkzj6 xwat $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar coll2 *dgu0lkf :4lfi,e-lh j*(cyjdxj5fector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.